Leadership and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology

Authority and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology Anthony P. Moreno LDR/300 Authority and Management January 25th 2016 Theoretical I will examine the contrasts among authority and the board with definitions, individual models and models from the content. Initiative is something that we as a whole need in any condition or circumstance that we are in. The board is chiefly found in associations and in the workplace. Initiative is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a typical goal.(Northouse, 2013) Management is tied in with looking for request, arranging, staffing, strength, sorting out, and controlling in associations to assist them with working profitably and deliberately. In the military there are various occupations that every mariner contributes simply like some other activity. A few employments or obligations are a higher priority than others. At my particular employment we have a few heads that are bad at overseeing and we have some administration that are not awesome pioneers. For instance, in the event that we have a crucial complete and they oversaw what our strategic, composed it, set up our instructions in advance for it and gave us a schedule of when we should land and be back, yet they normally dont go on the missions with us. This is the point at which an initiative position comes in and dominates. Because a specific crucial oversaw bit by bit something can generally turn out badly with any seemingly insignificant detail like low fuel, broken part on the plane, not emptying payload sufficiently quick and we may miss our time table in view of these accidents. Authority becomes possibly the most important factor since somebody ventures up and chooses what is best for our wellbeing and decides how we will have the option to proceed with the crucial it must be required to be postponed until we fix what should be fixed. A portion of the diverse influential positions are inspiration; this job enables the whole group to work with an uplifting mentality since they have somebody who needs them to prevail behind them. Administration builds up course for the group by setting procedures and having the option to clarify of the comprehensive view. Some administration jobs are to sort out and give structure like principles and techniques. The executives produces request and consistency by likewise controlling and utilizing critical thinking. These jobs are distinctive among initiative and the board in light of the fact that an administration job is to look for request and an influential position is to seek after useful change. As per Northouse (2013), Defining administration as a procedure implies that it's anything but a quality or trademark that dwells in the pioneer, yet rather a value-based even that happens between the pioneer and the supporters. The pioneer isnt brought into the world a pioneer, despite the fact that that is a typical saying. A pioneer builds up a specific abilities when in gatherings and plays the job by helping show individuals and urging individuals to prevail to their shared objective. Authority includes impact. Without impact, authority doesn't exist. (Northouse 2013) The attribute viewpoint proposes that specific people have extraordinary natural or inherent attributes or characteristics that make them pioneers, and that it is these characteristics that separate them from non pioneers. (Northouse 2013) References Northouse, P. G. (2013). Authority: Theory and practice.

Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Essay Example For Students

Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Essay Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture attributes, processes, deciphers and presents in a con cise and excellent style all the abundance of material collected on the Christian structures until the Gothic war in the west and the fall of Constantinople in the east. Ilie separating line between early Christian a Byzantine design is drawn during the rule of Justinian I. The field of Krautheimers book was co ceived as the keep going, and in reality delaying, stage late old fashioned structure rather chan, as indicated by a m re normal methodology, a prologue to medieval wes ern design. It is commanded by the idea of the coherence of the Roman Empire, first Christianiz d, at that point certainly tied down in Byzantium. Deliberate decision or verifiable view messaged the disregar of for all intents and purposes all western design in the Ge manized parts of Europe until the Carolingian ren proportion In the initial segment is practiced the ancient times, in a manner of speaking, of Chris tian engineering: loculi in the cata brushes, public venues like the one at Doura-E ropos, places of worship, for example, the dedication of St. Dwindle, he domus ecelesiae at S. Crisogono in Rome. Churc expanding for a huge scope was introduced by the edic of Milan in 313. Section 2 covers first the Comta tinian places of worship in Rome and Jerusalem (those established b Constantine in Constantinople bend analyzed in a fo lowing part), and afterward the strict buildin s in Constantinople, the new Rome, Jerusalem, the patr archal state of Antioch, the cradleâ€or most loved ho e â€of the cruciform martvrium, the new capitals in he west: Milan, Trier (with its station at Cologne) a Rome, where until the end many years of the fourth ce tury the agnostic conservatism of the senatorial clas disrupted the general flow and darkened the brilliancy of churc compositional projects. The primary new element of th Constantinian basilica, the ceaseless transept, di not show up, as was accepted as of not long ago, in the Sav iour church of the Latcran, however at St Peter’s towar 324. K. holds that the transept was basically a tra s versal mariyrium, a sanctuary, and may have honey bee formed after royal castle design and erec ed over the commemoration o f St. Subside, counter o the hypothesis that it was liturgirally realized, in th west just as in the castâ More as of late it has been reasserted that the continu ous transept accomplishes a tau plan emblematically con nected with the tau sign as the seal of salvation and a figure of the cross (E. Sauscr, in Lexicon hide Theolope und Kirehe For the first run through the alpior referenced by Eusebius as the â€Å"head† of the Martyrium on the Gol gorha is interpretedâ€and graphically recreated in fig. 16â€as an open rotunda with its internal wreath of twelve segments, coordinated inside the chcvet of the Martyrium. (A variation reconstitution would bury represent a kind of transept between the nave and the four walkways of the Martyrium, and, then again, the spot of the finding of the True Cross at the leader of the Martyrium, after the arrangement of the basilica of Mar cellinus and Petrus in Rome and its associated mauso leum of Helena 1312-324).) One is unequivocally enticed to derive that Constantine had as a top priority the of the Golgotha Martyrium with its twelve sections, when he wanted to be covered in the Apostolcion of Constantinople encompassed by two gatherings of six oryXai, representing, as â€Å"i mage-col u m ns,† the twelve witnesses. К, be that as it may, would find the tomb of Con stantine, before its evacuation to a different catacomb after 357, at the exceptionally focal point of the cruciform church, legitimately under a focal drum. A significant expansion to the iconography of Early Christian engineering, introduced by K. in CahArch it (1960) 15-40, concerns t he immense burial service basilicac, or corridors for the commemoration meals, in the Campagna Romans: S. Sebastiano on the Via Appia, S. Agncsc on the Via Nomentana, SS. Blemish cellinus and Petrus on the Via Labicana, S. Loreno fuori le mura. These tremendous, basic and useful struc tures give the up to this point missing connection between the underground martyrium and the tomh church. Two of them curve related with supreme mausolea. The fifth century (Part 3) is part between the eastern portion of the Roman Empire which figured out how to he by passed by the Asian and Germanic attacks, and the Latin west which was logically lowered by the brutes. The extraordinary trouble of appropriating so much unique material inside a couple of land limits more explicit than the alleged provincial schools is reflected in the relationship of Egypt, where engineering accepted a solid national and devout flavor, with the Aegean coastlands, where Hellenistic qualities waited, and in the gathering of Syria with inland nations including Palestine and Jordan as well as the high level of Asia Minora organizing overall defended by the broad expansion of the patriarchate of Antioch. North Afri ca (Cyrenaica separated) is pressed, in the Iatin segment, among Ravenna and, then again. Southern Italy, Sicily and Spain, in spite of the fact that the Algerian and Tunisian holy places share more in the same manner as the Egyptian ones of the cloisonne sort and the basilicae of the Syrian hinterland than with anything in Ra venna or along the Tyrrhenian coastlands. In Egypt the date of the vestiges of St. Menas in Abu Mina will potentially must be moved to 457 (p. 32, n. 29), inâ stead of being spread under the rule of Areadiut and Theodosius II (408-450). The dates of the primary places of worship in Egypt with a triconch transept, for example, Ilcrmopolis, or a triconch haven like the White Monastery at Sohag, are left with an interroga tion mark: 430-40 (?) and ea. 440. A considerably later date would better record for the rise and relative recurrence in Egypt of the triconch transept, one next to the other with the trctoil martyrium along the basilica at Tcbessa (not before 440), and with practically equivalent to plans before the castle of Mshatta: the F.piscopium at Rosra (ca. 51a?) and the castle at Kasr Ibn Wanlan. As far as arranging, the Greek temples are basically portrayed by a tripartite or a cross transept, a fea ture to which the writer was instrumental in giving cash in two articles , and V Congrejso Ji Archcoiogia Cristiana a83fl). The kind of those transepts, be that as it may, isn't limited to Greece. It is met likewise in Egypt (Menas Basilica) and along the south shoreline of Asia Minor, and, one must include, in p laces as far off from one another as Gcncsarcth (Basilica of the Multiplication of the Loaves) and Tropaios in Bulgaria. It appears that the Greek (not solely Greek) transepts and the Roman or consistent transepts (neither only Roman, vide S. Eusebio in Vercelli and St. Diminish at Salona ManaStirine) originated from the equivalent archi tectural idea and served comparable to formal pur presents. Krauthcimer concurs that the arrangement of the Eucharist and the gathering of contributions occurred in the wings of a cross or of a tripartite transept. In any case, in Basilica  at Perge the prothcsis and the diaconicon are situated on the two sides of the apse, sug gesting that the spot of the church was held to the focal zone of the pseudo-cross transept and that the walkways proceeding those of the nave were intended to screen the dedicated from the administration at the Ixma. At the point when walkways encased absolutely or incompletely a cross tran sept, their capacity, on account of maior journey basilicas like the one of St. Menas, probably been to channel the traffic of the assemblage. It is difficult to concede that the arrangement of Perge and of different basilicas with cross or pseudo-cross transepts stands â€Å"in a tradi tion which acclimatizes the arrangement of Constantines church of the Holy Apostles into a basilica.† The deduction is on the opposite persuading in the cross church with aisle* at Gaza (401) trailed by the Church of the Prophets, Apostles and Martyrs at Gerasa (465) and the sixth century cross church at Salona. Be that as it may, three (not exceptionally telling) models would validate the beginning of the Greek basilica with transept in Con stantinople (two in Ebcrsolt, sees 78, and the unearthing in the 2 Scrai-patio. ArchAnt In the patriarchate of Antioch a gathering of places of worship is hallmarked by a twofold she ll development joined with a quatrefoil plan: the martvrium at Scleucia-Pieria. the basilica (presently perceived accordingly, once in the past called the martyrium at Rsafah, the house of God at Rosra (in addition to the congregation of the Theotokos at Amida. so close in plan to the martyrium at Sclcocia-Picria). The quatrcfoil may speak to an advancement of the memorial service crude cella truAora into a fella quad richora. The twofold shell may have showed up in the Golden Octagon of Constantine in Antioch, which had colonnaded passageways and, as a palatine house of prayer, was the very precursor of SS. Sergios and Rakchos in Con-stantinople under Justinian [. Neither the quaucioil holy places of the Antiochene type nor the Golden Octa gon were vaulted, in opposition to the Roman triclinia, salutatoria and structures in royal residences in which they curve expected to have begun. At long last the issue of source is darkened from one viewpoint by ihc mysterious and fragmented te traconch in the stoa of Hadrian in Athens, which the Bulgarian Red Church at Pcrustica takes after, and. then again, by the twofold shell structure and quatrcfoil plan of S. Lorenzo in Milan. Christian Elements In Beowulf EssayThe church of Kasr ibn Wardan would highlight a Constantinopolitan model, since it was worked with blocks importedâ from Constantinople. Groove its vault arch, substantial and of a limited range, doesn't bespeak unadulterated Consiantinopolitan designing. It appears to he the replacement in block development of the wooden arch common in Syria and its borderlands regarding the recorded cross arrangement. A reduced domed basilica, as Kasr ibn Warden, presents all the components found in H. Sophia of Salonica in the mid eighth century: a naos arranged

Why India Lacks Women Written Memoirs Critical Linking, July 24, 2019

Why India Lacks Women Written Memoirs Critical Linking, July 24, 2019 Critical Linking, a daily roundup of the most interesting bookish links from around the web is sponsored by Libro.FM “Besharam,” a word that means “shameless” in Hindi, is almost used exclusively against women who get “out of line.” It’s also the title of a collection of essays by Priya Alika Elias in which she reclaims the word while crafting a manual of sorts for the modern Indian woman. Besharam was the first time in my 30 years that I felt completely represented within a memoir; though fiction abounds in India, memoirs written by women remain conspicuously absent. Why? It can’t be because Indian women have nothing to say. A great read that takes a look at the lack of memoirs written by women in India. Enter Todd Alcott, who’s been delighting us all year with his “mid-century mashups,” an irresistible combination of vintage paperback covers, celebrity personae, and iconic lyrics from the annals of rock and pop. His homage to Help Me, above, is decidedly on brand. The lurid 1950s EC horror comic-style graphics confer a dishy naughtiness that wasâ€"no disrespectâ€"rather lacking in the original. Joni Mitchell reimagined as pulp fiction book coversâ€"I love when artists do this. Amazon removed books by Dr. Joseph Nicolosi, a clinical psychologist who is credited with originating gay conversion therapy, a debunked â€" and in some cases illegal â€" pseudoscientific method of trying to turn gay people straight. Nonetheless, the Republicans want to lobby to get his books â€" such as “A Parents Guide to Preventing Homosexuality” and “Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality” â€" back in circulation. The phobics are still at it. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Are the Precepts of the IBM Training Program Consistent...

1. The precepts of the IBM training program are consistent with the concepts in this chapter because there are a lot of consensuses. There are for example power, which is according to Robbins and Judge, â€Å"a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes† (p.420) and the power tactics, which are, according to Robbins and Judge, â€Å"ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions† (p.425). There are different power tactics an individual can use by moving people into specific actions. A research has defined nine distinct influence tactics. The most effective ones are rational persuasion, inspirational appeals and consultation. The least effective one is pressure. Furthermore,†¦show more content†¦Again, there a various factors that influence the political behavior. These factors are individual and organizational factors. Individual factors include for example high self-monitor or high mach personality, as it is illustrated in Exhibit 13-3. In contrast, the organizational factors include factors like reallocation of resources, role ambiguity, and democratic decision making. Combining those factors, it will lead to high political behavior which can lead to favourable outcomes such as rewards and averted punishment for both individuals and groups in an organization. With knowing this IBM could improve their communication within their organization and furthermore, they can be more efficient. 3. If I had a manager who wanted me to do something against my initial inclinations, IBM’s â€Å"make trade-offs† and â€Å"negotiate collaboratively† would work best for me. Trade-offs are really important to have between an employer and an employee because if something is not working the way I want, because my employer wants it different than it is good to talk about it to find tradeoffs. It would also help the manager to make me more what he wants when he makes trade-offs because if my manager would offer me benefits when I am doing what is asked from me than I would do it more easily and wouldn’t care about my inclinations that much compared to when there would not be any trade-off. Negotiations are alsoShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! 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Understanding the Present Perfect Tense in German

As you study the German language, you will come across the present perfect tense (Perfeckt), which is also called the compound past tense. Its used most often in conversation and there are a few rules you need to know in order to form and use it. This lesson will review those rules and is an important part of understanding German verb conjugations. Perfekt: The Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense is formed by using one of three types of past participles: weak (regular), strong (irregular), and mixed. This past tense form is often referred to as the conversational past since it is most often used in spoken German when speaking about events in the past. In English, we say, We saw him yesterday. This can be expressed in German as, Wir sahen ihn gestern. (simple past,  Imperfekt) or Wir haben ihn gestern gesehen. (present perfect,  Perfekt). The latter form is also referred to as a compound tense because it is formed by combining a helping verb (haben) with the past participle (gesehen). Even though the literal translation of Wir haben ihn gestern gesehen, is We have seen him yesterday, it would normally be expressed in English simply as, We saw him yesterday. Study these example  German verbs  with their  past participle  forms in the  present perfect tense: to have haben hat gehabt to go gehen ist gegangen to buy kaufen hat gekauft to bring bringen hat gebracht You should notice several things about the verbs above: Some have past participles that end in  -t, while others end in  -en.Some use  haben  (to have) as a helping verb, while others use  sein  (to be). Keep this in mind as we  continue  our review of the German present perfect. Weak Verbs Regular (or weak) verbs are predictable and can be pushed around. Their past participles always end in -t  and are basically the third person singular with  ge- in front of it:   to play spielen gespielt to make machen gemacht to say, tell sagen gesagt The so-called -ieren  verbs (fotografieren,  reparieren,  studieren,  probieren, etc.) do not add  ge- to their past participles:  hat fotografiert. Strong Verbs Irregular (or strong) verbs are unpredictable and cannot be pushed around. They tell you what theyre going to do. Their past participles end in -en  and must be memorized:   to go gehen gegangen to speak, talk sprechen gesprochen Although there are various patterns that their past participles follow (and they sometimes resemble similar patterns in English) it is best to simply memorize past participles such as gegessen, gesungen, geschrieben, or gefahren. It should also be noted that there are more rules for verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes, though we wont get into that here.   Mixed Verbs This third category is also rather unpredictable. As with the other irregular verbs, the participles for mixed verbs need to be memorized. As their name implies, these mixed verbs mix elements of the weak and strong verbs to form their past participles. While they end in -t  like weak verbs, they have a stem change like strong verbs: to bring bringen gebracht to know kennen gekannt to know wissen gewut When to Use  Sein  as Helping Verb In English, the present perfect is always formed with the helping verb have,  but in German  some verbs require to be (sein) instead. There is a rule for this condition:   Verbs that are intransitive (take no direct object) and involve a change of condition or location use  sein  as a helping verb, rather than the more common  haben. Among the  few exceptions to this rule  are  sein  itself and  bleiben, both of which take  sein  as their helping verb. This rule applies to only a small number of verbs and it is best to simply memorize those that typically use  sein  as a helping verb. One thing that will help is to remember them is that most of these are intransitive verbs which refer to motion. bleiben  (to stay)fahren  (to  drive, travel)fallen  (to  fall)gehen  (to  go)kommen  (to  come)laufen  (to  run)reisen  (to  travel)sein  (to  be)steigen  (to  climb)sterben  (to  die)wachsen  (to  grow)werden  (to  become) Example Er ist schnell gelaufen. means He ran fast.

Marketing plan description Free Essays

What major demographic developments and trends pose opportunities or threats to firms doing business in this product category? Cutter Automotive can expect the following demographic changes to affect them (Ferron J) Reduction in number of customers who buy on impulse The customer base is decreasingly responsive to novelty , change and variety The customer of the present generation is looking for quality , durability and appropriateness There is an increased trade off between time and convenience to get a good buy. The customer base is looking for the best bargain and is not loyal like the earlier generations There is noticed increased loyalty to brands but not over all the products of that brand. The generation of today is spending more time and money at home There is noticed an increased focus on purchases with the future in mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing plan description or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customer is also information savvy and can be expected to know the in and out of the products and offers. The above list of changes can be an opportunity or a threat to the firm depending on the decisions that it implements. The firm can tailor its future business plan to take into account the changing mindset of the customer and make the shift in demographics an opportunity not a threat. The customer of the future is looking for the best bargain and is working more often than not on a budget.    The families of tomorrow are also 2 or more car families and if the dealership can convert sale into loyalty, the benefits could accrue in the form of future business. Due to the advent of the information age, the dealer can no longer rely on smooth talking sales personnel but on delivery of facts and offers. The dealership also needs to keep in mind the increase in online booking especially since the cars are mass made. What broad cultural or sub cultural patterns affect the public’s attitude towards the firms and/or products of the firms doing business in this product category? There exists a general perception amongst the public that car dealerships can be equated to words like â€Å"fleecing†. There also exists a perception like the dealership sells old cars made to look like new, over charges for accessories, the discounts advertised are not really discounts; customer is leeched if not careful. In a study conducted by HarrisInteractive for a project entitled Automotive Retailing today in 2004 , it was found that negative perceptions about what it is like to buy a car from a dealership is very different from actual experiences . These are sentiments handed down from generation to generation or person to person. A sample few may have had a bad experience or the dealership attitude may have been in the projected negative mould, and this has established itself as the image associated with a car dealership. This perhaps stems from the time when manufacturers were few , the car dealer was the all knowing and important person in control of sales , there was a monopoly of sorts and the product was an expensive investment. This situation may have given rise to the advice â€Å" Be careful while buying a car from the dealership , they will try to fleece you†. The study also found that people did not trust car dealerships in general but trusted â€Å"their† dealership, people held the perception that buying a car from the dealer is always a bad experience but personally never had one , women are not treated as well as men in an auto dealership. Cited Ferron ,   J., an How to cite Marketing plan description, Essays

Drugs and their effect on the human cognitive psyche Essay Example For Students

Drugs and their effect on the human cognitive psyche Essay In this literature review paper, I would like to review the correlation between chronic drug abuse in adolescence and the decrease in cognitive functioning in adolescence through early adulthood. I have found several articles that examine and formulate thoughts and opinions through studies and an analysis of prior research studies and research journals. While using the research studies and journals that I have found, I would like to target and examine the direction of the correlation between drug abuse in adolescence and the decrease in cognitive functioning throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Are adolescents who have suffered from drug abuse at risk for complications in their cognitive abilities, or do they somehow end up on an equal level with those who haven?t suffered from a drug addiction? If either of these statements is true, I want try and understand why through logical means. I will summarize the perspective and the outcome of recent studies and evaluate the importance of their findings. I will also review several techniques for combating adolescent drug abuse and how to alleviate some of the pressure from adolescents who are currently abusing drugs. There are many popular drugs amongst the community of adolescents of today. One of these popular drugs that have a large impact on cognitive brain functioning is Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (?Ecstacy?) or MDMA as its abbreviated name (Johnston et al., 2009). MDMA is a drug that is used to reduce the brain serotonin (5-HT) axonal markers. This reduction of these 5-HT axonal markers causes a loss of inhibition 3in many users and also causes a euphoric feeling that causes the user to feel often times ?fully orgasmic? to the touch and in tune with the ?levels of the world? (Mechan et al. , 2006; Green et al., 2003). MDMA has been a popular drug that has been on a rise for the past 20-30 years. Ever since its birth it has spread through the party and nightlife community like wildfire. It has only become accessible and sought after by adolescents in the past 10 years. The rise in the allure of MDMA can be attributed to its distribution methods (Johnston et al., 2009). In Una D. McCann et al. study, ?Sleep Deprivation Differently Impairs Cognitive Performance in Abstinent Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (?Ecstacy?) Users,? it is expressed that, ? MDMA users have been found to have subtle cognitive deficits (2009). This group of researchers sought to test a hypothesis that sleep disturbance plays a role in cognitive deficits in MDMA and abstinent MDMA users. The study used nineteen abstinent MDMA users and 21 control subjects too participate in a five-day inpatient study in a clinical research laboratory. Cognitive performance was tested three times daily using a computerized cognitive battery. On the third day of admission, subjects were asked to begin a 40 hour sleep deprivation period and continued cognitive testing as usual consisting of the same daily schedule. These tests found that MDMA users performed less accurately than controls on a task of working memory and more impulsively on four of the seven computerized tests. During the phase of sleep deprivation, MDMA users, but not the controls, became increasingly impulsive, performing more rapidly with a greater number of mistakes towards the tasks of working and short-term memory. This particular research study?s findings were the first to 4demonstrate that memory problems in MDMA users and abstinent MDMA users may be related and suggest that cognitive deficits in MDMA users may become more prominent in situations associated with an increase in sleep deprivation (McCann et al. , 2009). This research study showed the correlation between drug usage (MDMA), sleep deprivation, and cognitive functioning (memory). Another drug that has a correlational effect with cognitive functions is Methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant, with epidemic increases in use of this drug recorded globally (Meredith et al. .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .postImageUrl , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:visited , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:active { border:0!important; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:active , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts Integration Essay, 2005). Numerous studies have shown that methamphetamine disrupts neurotransmitter and other brain functions; in particular the ?dopaminergic system, although changes in serotonergic, noradrenergic, and gluta- matergic function are also observed? (Meredith et al., 2005). Methamphetamine is known by many street names including: meth, ice, frost, and crystal meth. Methamphetamine is thought of as one of the worst drugs in all of human history for the effects it has had on society as a whole. Many regard crystal meth to be the reason we live in the corrupt world we live in today (Henry et al., 2008).In Julie D. Henry et al. study, ?Prospective Memory Impairment in Former Users of Methamphetamine,? it is discussed the effects that methamphetamine have on human cognitive function. The cognitive function that is addressed in this research study is memory. The premise of the study is based around the idea that considerable prior research indicates that methamphetamine use is associated with neuro-cognitive impairment, but no empirical study to date has assessed whether these difficulties extend prospective memory. The study reviewed prospective performance on a laboratory 5measure of prospective memory that closely represents the types of prospective memory tasks that actually occur in life and provides an opportunity to study the different sorts of prospective memory mistakes that occur. The study consisted of twenty adults with a history of methamphetamine use and dependence, currently engaged in rehabilitation and abstinent for an average period of 6 months, and 20 individuals who were unknown to the effects or the experience of methamphetamine. Various other aspects of cognitive function were also assessed, including retrospective memory and executive functioning. Methamphetamine users were significantly impaired during the time the test was administered, and these deficits did not vary as a member of specific prospective memory task demands. Of all the cognitive functions being tested, cognitive inhibition shared greatest variance with group effects on the prospective memory measure. This study concludes that prospective memory performance correlates with previous methamphetamine use even well into abstinence. Methamphetamine users experience generalized difficulties with prospective memory, suggesting that these deficits are likely to have important implications for day-to-day functioning. The results indicated that methamphetamine users were significantly impaired on measures of retrospective memory and executive. This study showed a positive correlation between methamphetamine use/addiction and a decrease in general cognitive functioning, more specifically memory and any activities that require the memory as a basis of use (Henry et al., 2008).

Consumer Behaviour a Purchase Decision Process

Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place

Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place Introduction Employment relationship is a legal framework linking employers and their employees to ensure a sustained interaction in their organizations. More specifically, ER is an economic, social and political relationship between employers and employees which provides manual and mental labor in exchange for the rewards allotted by employers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the rise of modernism, there has been need for inclusion of psychological element in the employment relationships to enhance better and more coherent relationship between employees and employers. It should be noted that, employment relations defines the rights and commitments made between the employers and employees. Employers in various organizations build good relationship with their employees by creating favorable working conditions, capable of creatin g psychological satisfaction for them (Ackers 2002: 15). Through cordial relationship between employers and employees, facilitated a well structured legal system, high productivity in the organization is expected since the employees are highly motivated. Traditionally, psychological contract were relied to establish cordial relationship between employers and their employees. Psychological contracts involves the understanding the understanding the people have regarding the commitments made between the employers and the employees which is initially established during the recruitment process where the employees and the employer discuss deeply their eventual relationship. This paper will discuss the extent in which traditional theories of employment helps us in understanding the modern Australian workplace. According to the contract of employment common law, employers have the obligatory duty to care the employees, pay wages, provide work, provide support, safe working environment and m aintain relationship of trust and confidence with the employees. As revealed by Kaufman (2008: 327), in the Modern Australian work place employers are actively engaged in providing their employees with favorable working terms regardless of the genders. It should be noted that, traditional employment patterns were characterized by lack of equity on jobs distribution between the genders. More specifically, women were given less job opportunities than men.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, the current Australian job environment has seen more chances being granted to women in the job markets as a result of the establishment of employment laws inhibiting discrimination on the basis of gender. As revealed by Bell Head (1994: 17), the core elements of employment relationships in Australia today are exchange, effort bargain, inequality and commodification. Throu gh commodification, employees are usually used as means to an end, other than an end itself. Generally, the above are the main elements involved in employment relationships. With regard to some traditional employment theories like the Marxist theory, employers and employees are brought out as having constant conflicts in terms of work conditions. Since employers are usually idle and do very little in their organizations, Marx describes this situation as creating low esteem and morale among the employees. With employee given huge amounts of work and being paid fewer wages than the employer would get, conflict between the employers and employees seem to persist. However, the current situation in the Australian modern workplace is dominated by legal regulations governing employers and their employees in terms of the obligatory duties entrusted to each other in the employment contract. Generally, the Marxist theory seems to be against capitalism by bringing it out as the major cause of fundamental problems between employees and employers, since employees are not psychologically satisfied when their employers who work the least and gain the most (Cooper 2010: 264). As Cooper and Ellem (2008: 539) suggests, the adoption Unitarianism in traditional organizations is a prospective strategy meant to enhance cohesion between employees and their employer. According to unitary theory, organizations are considered as families where the employers and the employees are considered as being in harmony due to their favorable psychological contracts. In this case, loyalty between employees and the employers forms the main emphasis in this employer-employee relationship (Todd 2010: 312). With the society becoming quite dynamic, the contemporary Australian workplace remains no more under psychological contracts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the establishment of employment relations in the contemporary society, employees can form unions capable of advocating for their rights. Particularly, employers in the contemporary society have no direct control of their employees, provided employment contract with their employees has been established. Considering the Employment Standards Act of 2001, employees are directly under the cover of the employer and the workers unions. This is to mean that, it is an obligatory duty of the organizational management to ensure the treatment of the employees with high respect in order to facilitate their efficiency in their work. Understanding the importance of a well motivated workforce has been an eminent issue in many organizations. Through unions, employees’ rights are communicated and procession of cases presented by employees. As Hearn-Mackinnon (2009: 358) reports National Labor Relations Association enhances collective bargaining power for all the employees bo th in the public and the private sector over their safety in their work places/areas. More specifically, unfair labor practices in the company should be the basis for the allegation in the court against its security of employees in its environs (Cooper et al 2009: 352). As depicted in the collective bargaining laws, the company falls guilty of having its working environment unsafe for its employees; through engaging single workers in isolated places without enough security lights According to Peetz Pocock (2009: 47), some of the highest priority Employee Relations areas in the currently globalized society are bargaining power in employee wages, safety in work, working hours and moral ethics. It is important to note that, an employee should be secure in his place of work by being exposed to secure work practices. More so, the employees should be paid well in accordance to their level of performance in the company. Further, the proximity of working duration among employees should be reviewed and be incorporated in the employee unions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the level of ethical considerations between the employees and the management should be reviewed and maintained as well. On this basis, the work place life has been found to be more liable to extrinsic factors, but not restricted to internal management practices by the HRM. As noted by Brigden (2009: 371), the contemporary Australian workplace seems to be guided by pluralistic theory. According to pluralistic theory, employees engage in formation of welfares and unions to form a bigger bargaining power in their organizations. As depicted by Chen et al (2008, 534), unity among employees reduces the chances of being oppressed by their employers, since they have a more unified system of actions. In this case, the psychological contract between employers and their employees should incorporate the employees’ freedom to form unions and other associations. Through formation of employee unions and welfare associations, employees get highly motivated (Brigden 2010: 329). T his makes them to become more efficient in production, which makes the organization to acquire competitive advantage in the currently competitive business environment. Mainly, the modern employee relationship seeks to establish democratic and informal relationship between employers and employees sustainably. As a result, a long-term cordial relationship between the employees and employers would be established, since the working environment is naturally friendly. It is important to note that, the modern Australian work place has largely employed radical pluralism. According to radical pluralism theory, management in organizations is considered as being irreconcilable with their employees in cases of differences. This is due to the tendency of the organizations to incorporate narrow range of employee demands. As revealed by Bingham (2007: 224), the possibility of employees to reconcile with their employee when employee needs are rarely fulfilled is quite low. As a result, performance in such organizations remains low, since the psychological contract between the employers and the employees has been violated, leading to low motivation among the employees. According to Blyton Turnbull (2004: 74) social organizations in the modern work places are portraying high social values to their fraternity so as to enhance co-existence which would in turn result into improvement of the performance of their workforce. In fact, Boxall Purcell (2011: 53) links an organization’s level of performance to the welfare of its employees; who are the ultimate determinants of the performance such an organization. Certainly, ethical considerations between employers and their employees is a very important consideration in their interaction within an organization. It should be noted that, when employees are treated with humanitarianism would feel that they are respected and be motivated in carrying out their various activities. In fact, the employees’ ability to develop posi tive attitude towards work would be attributed by their being accorded with high esteem by their employers. The current new management strategies in the modern organizations have seen significant changes in the organizational structures of various organizations. Merging, acquisition and restructuring have been dominant practices among various organizations in their pursuit to establish favorable work-life for their employees. In this case, various psychological contracts are established between the employees and their employers. As reported by Coyle-Shapiro (2005: 87), there are two main psychological contracts which include transactional and relational contracts. In transactional psychological contracts, short-run work relationships between employers and employees are established by having a certain set of obligations to be met. Notably, Peetz Pocock (2009: 49) considers transactional psychological contracts as being economically oriented as they are reasonably specific. This is d ue to their short-term nature as the employers seek to determine the reliability of their employees in terms of work commitment. With the introduction of strategic human resources management, it has been possible for organizations to conform to the industrial relations requirements. In Australia, the introduction of scientific management practices among organizations, consistency and coherence in designing and implementing strategic human resources management has been realized. Contingency framework of employee-employer relationships have been largely understood, making organizations comply with the requirements of the legislation and labor force acts for successful implementation of their strategic plans. As evidenced by Cooper and Ellem (2008: 541), the rationale of using cost-efficiency and the market requirements has been the ultimate strategy of realizing quality production as a result of a highly motivated employee body. The most critical perspective of the employee-employer r elationship is taken on the basis of how the external environment, including unions and associations, are impacting management practices by HRM, where employment contracts are largely employed. Breaching of these psychological contracts has been revealed to have large effect the overall organizational coherence between employees and the employer. Suppose the employer fails to subdue the agreement made in the employment terms, by either delaying payments or applying more strict work terms than agreed, employees are highly discouraged. By failing to conform to the expected behavior, employers usually cause lot interference in terms of trust to their employees. Such an act would be described as breaching of psychological contract since the employer would have failed to sustain the psychological requirements agreed during the time of employment. Brigden (2009: 375) considers the development of conflict between employers and employees as arousing from breaching of psychological contracts , but not necessarily on the basis of formal obligations. Conclusion With the rise of modernism, the Australian workforce has largely changed, where employers and employees are ultimately under legal formalities more than the psychological contracts previously employed in traditional organizations. As it has been revealed, equality in jobs allocation in terms of gender has been employed in the Australian Labor Laws, resulting into high control of employment terms by the legal formalities. Generally, the establishment of employment contract between the employers and employees is largely safeguarded by the existing employment relations laws. References List Ackers, P. (2002) Reframing Employment Relations: The Case for Neo-Pluralism.  Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1): 2-19. Bell, S. Head, B. (1994) ‘Australia’s Political Economy: Critical Themes and Issues.’ in B. Head S. Bell (eds), State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Mel bourne, pp. 1-21. Bingham, C. (2007). â€Å"Employee Relations and Managing the Employment Relationship,† In Porter, C. et al. (eds.), Exploring Human Resource Management. London: McGraw-Hill. 215-238 Brigden, C. (2009) Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2008. Journal of Industrial  Relations, 51(3): 365–78. Brigden, C. (2010) Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2009. Journal of Industrial  Relations, 52(3): 321-334. Blyton, P. Turnbull, P. (2004) The Dynamics of Employee Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 57-107. Boxall, P. Purcell, J. (2011), Strategy and Human Resource Management, 3rd ed. London: Basingstoke Publishers. 34-58 Cooper, R. (2010) The New Industrial Relations and International Economic Crisis: Australia in 2009. Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(2):261-274 Cooper, R. et al. (2009) Anti-unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005. Labor Studies Journal (US), vol.34:3, pp. 339-62. Cooper, R. and Elle m, B. (2008). The Neoliberal State, Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining in Australia. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(3) pp. 532–554 Coyle-Shapiro, J. (2005) The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and  Contextual Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 85-93 Kaufman, B. (2008) Paradigms in Industrial Relations: Original, Modern and Versions In-Between. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2):314–339. Todd, P. (2010) Employer and Employer Association Matters in 2009. The Journal of  Industrial Relations 52(3): 305-319. Hearn-Mackinnon, B. (2009) Employer matters in 2008. Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(3): 347-363. Peetz, D. Pocock, B. (2009) Workplace representatives and local power in Australia?  British Journal of Industrial Relations, 47.

Sports Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Economic - Essay Example Therefore, Commission of AFL established a research board in 1999, in order to establish a body for administering the selection of priorities concerning research and allocation of resources (Booth, 2006). Projects began in 2000 contributing to Australian football becoming a strange paradox due to the game played exclusively in one continent and has transcended cultural barriers and ethnic divides through integration of communities (Australian Football League (AFL), 2012). In fact, the paper will focus on exploring issues related to Australian Football League (AFL). League behavior The players in AFL are expected to behave like sportsmen, whereby upholding their standards of professional conduct and avoid compromising the integrity and dignity of AFL football, clubs, AFLPA and players. In addition, during matches and training sessions the player are also expected to behave in the similar manner, which is in accordance to the Clause 2.1 of the Code (Borland & McDonald, 2004). However, in situations where there are findings by the AFL Tribunal related to misconduct against a player, they are parties involved are dealt with in accordance with the AFL rules. AFL policies One of the most commonly known policies is AFL Anti-Doping Code, which is varied according to the law 21.2 that apply to the payers participating in these games, in a situation where the Controlling Body has not adopted their own code or policy. Nevertheless, the policy that has been adopted by any Controlling Body has to be approved by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) (AFL, 2012). Moreover, the Controlling Body has no obligation to perform testing of players unless directed by AFL, and they should not appoint third parties to undertake these testing procedures. The other policy stipulates that a player, who has been directed to leave the playing surface, should only be replaced by a player whose name is on Team Sheet. The other policy states that a replacement player should enter the playing surface at the same time when the player is leaving the playing surface, and if the replacement player fails to enter the playing surface before the other player has left, the Umpire should restart play. The other policy indicates that player are not allowed to wear any form of jewelers, boot studs, cletes or any protective equipment that is not approved by the Controlling Body. However, there are situations where the field Umpire is convinced that the item does not subject players in any form of risk related to injury. AFL Winning Percentage Team Win% Year Collingwood 100 1929 Geelong 95.45 2008 Essendon 95.45 2000 Carlton 94.44 1908 Essendon 94.44 1950 South Melbourne 92.86 1918 Collingwood 90.91 2011 St Kilda 90.91 2009 Carlton 90.91 1995 Melbourne 88.89 1956 Competitive Imbalance Remedies The measurement of competitive balance relates to two aspects, which include; within-season competition balance that are associated with relative quality of teams in a season, and between-season competitive balance that are aimed at relative quality of teams over a number of seasons (Booth, 2000). One remedy for competitive imbalance is the merits of various measures that canvassed prior to settling on two basic measures, which include; distributions of season win percentage within-season competitive balance and distribution of premierships that are a measurement between season competitive

The Mobile Operating System Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Mobile Operating System - Dissertation Example Mobile phones today are used for personal and professional purposes. Preferred services apart from basic voice operations include massive data elements like messages (Short Message Service and Multimedia Messaging Service being the primary of them), live content (real-time content like sports updates, stock prices etc. Other applications include streaming media content, including audio, video, and media feeds. All these are resource intensive and successful operation, to the satisfaction of the user and optimal use of the mobile networks depends largely on the protocols controlling data management and negotiation with the network, that is an integral part of the mobile’s operating system. Â  A mobile phone’s operating system controls the data flow in and out of it. Features like Call Hold, On-Call functions and elements like the speed of access to phone book and records and messages and all other features that involve selection of signals and/ or their records, received or sent is controlled by the operating system. The ultimate outcomes of features like predictive or intelligent text for test and multimedia messaging depend on effective resource management of the mobile’s operating system. The variety of features is, in fact, dependent on the operating system running the phone. The operating system also decided the protocols the phone runs on, including the band(s) it operates on and supports for 2.5G or 3G technologies. Â  I would take up the latest versions of the preferred operating systems on today’s mobile phones. Other operating systems that may be available including phones that use a lower version of the upgraded ones as on date and less used operating systems have not been included as either they have already been improved upon or their use will be phased out, thus rendering their analysis insignificant in the quest for a better operating system. Â  

The Evolution Of Animation

The Evolution Of Animation Ever since the beginning of photography, people learned that pictures taken in quick series, of a moving object, could be flipped through, in succession, to create the illusion of a moving picture. For many years Animation has been used. Animation was done in black and white such as cartoons and movies in the early 1900s. The backgrounds and the cartoon drawings were made simple. Animation technology has come a long way since the early days of hand-drawn cartoons. The tools have changed dramatically. Animation is a graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. A series of drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapid succession (24 frames per second) there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings. Early animations, which started appearing before 1910, consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. It was extremely labor intensive, as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film. Early animators used an animation technique known as stop action. With the camera stopped, items would be rearranged, removed, or added to the shot then the director would start rolling again. Live action films using this procedure were called Trick Plays. American studios soon turned to flat animation as opposed to dimensional animation, finding it much more efficient for their assembly-line techniques of making animated films. To illustrate the difference between the two, picture Gumby (a dimensional character) as opposed to Tweety Bird, a drawing. The development of celluloid around 1913 quickly made animation easier to manage. Instead of numerous drawings, the animator now could make a complex background and/or foreground and squeeze in moving characters in between several other pieces of celluloid, which is transparent except for where drawings are painted on it. This made it unnecessary to repeatedly draw the background, as it remained static and only the characters moved. It also created an illusion of depth, especially if foreground elements were placed in the frames. The first animated cartoon was created in 1910 by pioneers such as Emile Cohl and Winsor McCay. The animation timeline then starts to progress with several films being produced during the next twenty years; Gertie the Dinosaur, produced by Winsor McCay and distributed to commercial movie theaters in 1914 being a land mark during this period. In the 1920s and 1930s Warners, MGM and Disney studios developed cartoon techniques, producing more and more sophisticated cartoons using traditional animation techniques of producing complex backgrounds and then imposing moving figures on them with celluloid, a transparent film. Walt Disney took animation to a new level adding sound in 1928 and producing the first full length animated film in 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Since the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney in 1937, animated films have become one of the most commonly enjoyed forms of entertainment. Disney has a long history of developing, producing, and distributing films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King. The stories and characters of these popular animated feature films have become part of our modern traditions, enjoyed by every generation. Traditionally, these popular animated feature films have been created using the time-consuming and labor-intensive process of two-dimensional, hand-drawn cel animation. Today animation is rarely done on cel (Cel is a sheet of transparent cellulose acetate used as a medium for painting animation frames. It is transparent so that it can be laid over other celluloid and/or a painted background, then photographed.) Cel animation is extremely time consuming and requires incredible organization and concentration to detail. The way of doing animation today is different an d is more effective and it majorly depends on the new advanced computer technology. Remarkable animated films wouldnt have been possible without the new advances in computer technology. On the other hand even the computer technology itself is not new. Films like Toy Story, Madagascar, Finding Nemo, Up etc are the magnificent pieces of work done by Disney and they wouldnt have been possible without the computer technology. In the past the animators used to work very hard just to make a small video, but now its all computerized and one can easily see the evolution of animation that how significantly it has improved and made a special place for itself in the industry. According to Buffy Naillon, Computer animation changed the animated film industry. Animation today is based more on math formulas than the ability to draw According to Library.ThinkQuest.org, computer animation began about 40 years ago by General Motors. The company created a design system called DAC (Design Augmented by Computers). With it, they could look at 3D models of their cars from every angle. Consistent with PIXAR where films go through four stages: development, creating storyline; pre-production, addressing technical challenges; production, making the film; and post-production, polishing the final product. Today animation is done in a very effective manner, its a complete process with various steps which includes the idea of the film development, then to create a story line in which pre-production is done and dealing with all the technical challenges are also done in this step, later comes the production and the making of the film and then with the final touches the polishing is done. Today we have 3 dimensional animated films, which give the impression of being more realistic. Everyone today is fond of animated films. When that sledgehammer comes down on Sylvester the Cats big toe and it grows to the size of a watermelon theres no trick photography involved. The stories are very beautiful yet simple. And the most important the quality of the animated films today is way different then what we had in past. Animated films today when played in rapid succession appear to have seamless movements within the layouts. Seeing the old methods of animation and the methods used today really shows how the animating process has evolved and how it is getting better and better. The animation timeline carry on in the new millennium with movies like How to train your Dragon, Toy Story 3, Shrek The Final Chapter, and many more to follow.

Does War Affect Literature

Many writers use the environment, political issues, or social issues as inspiration to their work. During romanticism nature imagery was a common occurrence in literature. However does on particular issue effect writers so much that a new literature movement is sprung from it? I pose the question what were considerable differences between Victorian literature and Modernism and how did the Great War play apart in those differences?Was it because of the war that there was the Victorian Era and Modernism or was it bound to be a new literary movement with or ithout the Great War. I pose to answer these questions to the best of my ability in this paper. The Victorian era took place from 1830 – 1901, which is almost the exact same time frame that Queen Victoria reined thus the name Victorian Era. Writers during this time were at an awe trying to respond to the expansion of the country due to the industrialization going on at the time. Reactions it the changes going on at that time w ere numerous between writers and the people.Some welcomed the changes, while others challenged the changes because they found them to be threatening to their raditions. While others felt that breaking away from the traditions was more freeing than trying to maintain this conventional life. The Victorian Era was full of liveliness surrounding the social and industrial changes that were going on at the time. Nevertheless with all the change some things are bound to stay the same, Great Britain was still in a great deal of debt. Even though national debt was at an all time high the British banks continued to borrow money.Brantlinger says borrowing money is the best way of sustaining credit in his book, the debt that the country was n played a major role in the literature and art of the time because money is used in everyday life. Whether you were paying with credit or ready money determined whether or not you would eat that night. During the Victorian Era writers focused most of their literature on social differences in social classes and reform. During this time society's interpretation reined supreme over personal interpretation. During that time writer such as John Stuart Mill, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde emerged.John Stuart Mill shed more light on the philosophical idea of Utilitarianism. John Stuart Mill son of Philosopher James Mill was a close friend to the creator of Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism is the doctrine that actions are morally and socially acceptable if they benefit the majority. John Stuart Mill used this doctrine to preach reform in the social classes. John Stuart Mill felt that the government should work on the living conditions of working and lower class people. This philosophical idea was used to argue in most political arguments during the Victorian period.Even when it came time for parliament to decide whether to continue to borrow money from allied ountries, this greater good philosophy came into play. An idea that rema ins strong and has stand the test of time still being used by philosophers today. Charles Dickens was renowned to be one of the greatest novelists of the Victorian Era. His works were heavy on sub textual references. He enjoyed creating then breaking down meanings and interruptions. Otten times ne put some ot his own person experiences into his work.Fore example in his novel â€Å"Oliver Twist†, Charles Dickens himself once lived in an orphanage after his father was thrown into debtor prison like many people during this time period. While using â€Å"Oliver Twist† to somewhat tell his life story, he was also using a very melancholy type of humor reminiscent of other authors during the time. Mid Victorian era literary realism appeared, Writers and artist began to incorporate the industrial work and the excessive use of credit in the country into their work likewise discussing the social conventions of the time.Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest takes a Jab at Victorian social conventions in this satire filled play. Beside the play making fun at the Victorian Era it also marked the end of an era and the start of Modernism and also the events leading up to the Great War. The Great War began in summer on 1914 with the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungry, once Britain entered the war they quickly asked for both financial and military assistance from allies and colonies of theirs. By entering the Great War, a greater financial strain was put on to both the country and the people.Britain fell further into debt with the United States as the war continued to rage on and on. Besides Britain suffering financially, on the battlefield the men were suffering. Spending countless days and nights in muddy blood filled trenches to stay out of the line of fire. A new type of warfare emerged through the bloodshed, poison gas. All you saw on the battlefields during were gas masks gas, gas, and gas. Chlorine gas killed more soldiers than actual bullets during this war. Most men who enlisted to fght during the Great War were dead men walking.Chlorine gas was a favorite weapon of the Germans as Duffy has told us. However soldiers went the only ones being choked to death so to speak. Freedom of speech was being silenced in Britain by the Defense of the Realm Act in 194, besides silencing the people election were deferred during the war. Britain was becoming a place were the people no longer aw eye to eye with the government. The working class was now truly breaking away from the idea of the Victorian period; they no longer wanted to survive Just solely on credit in fear of losing everything if they were not able to pay their bills on time.This war made the people actually see what was going on in their country and in their government and it began to spill over into literature and arts. Literature went from discussing social class and poverty to describing battlefields in great details and questioning the readers' moral Judgme nt. Modernism directly followed the Victorian Era. It is said that Modernism started in 1901 and lasted until the 1960's or 70's. I believe it was small changes in art and literature started in 1901 but Modernism did not really begin to appear until during the Great War and everything after.It was a conscious break from traditional art, subjective, full of alienation and despair while also rejecting the past. Modernism is extremely different from Victorian Literature, while modernism focuses on how the readers will interpretation the work and not society. Where in Victorian literature it was society's interpretation trumps everything. Also during this time both World Wars had occurred giving writers at the time even more to write about and shed their own opinions on.This period was a time where experimentation and individualism were encouraged most things about the past were thrown to the side and discouraged like writing about social conventions or painting pictures ot a dinner sce ne. Also Modernism unlike Victorian Era gives you a clear definition on what to expect from literature and art during that time period. I attribute the mast amount of differences between the two literary periods to the dark cloud that was hanging over Britain and its people once the Great War was over. People were questioning both their countrys morality and their own patriotism.Just like the Victorian Era there were great Modernism authors. Authors like Joseph Conrad, T. S Eliot, and Wilfred Owen all with very similar dark styles that you can attribute to the Great War. Joseph Conrad still known for his short story The Heart of Darkness and novel â€Å"The Nigger of the Narcissus†. Both works drift far away from the traditional standards of the Victorian Era and was a true work of modernism. The slow dark story of The Heart of Darkness was a story whose major theme was savagery versus civilization while traveling through Africa. That was something that was not seen at that t ime.This story made people question savagery and civilization. Everyone has a little savage in them but how much is too much and you cross the line of being uncivilized. This was a very big question during the Great War, what was too much? What was considered uncivilized? That was a question that was constantly raised during the Great War. Besides questioning civilization Conrad had a dark way about his work similar to another Modernism writer. The Heart Of Darkness was dark story about a voyage, a voyage that many of us could never dream of making or going on.A voyage that would test the morality of most men, Just like the Great War tested the morality of most of its soldiers. Was it morally acceptable to continuously heave poison gas back and forth at each other? T. S Eliot was a dark writer with his works such as â€Å"The Hollow Men†, a poem that begins by quoting Conrad's The Heart of Darkness and mimicking its darkness for entirety of the poem. Unlike the Conrad's story , which questioned what is civilized and what is not this poem, speaks of the end of the world and humanity, as we know. The poem discusses us as humans losing our individuality and becoming empty.While reading â€Å"The Hollow Men†, I questioned was humanity lost after the Great War with all of the unnecessary bloodshed and death. People in Britain became empty and inhuman after the Great War. Besides his dark works T. S Eliot's poems are prime examples of Modernism. Poems like â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† and â€Å"The Wasteland† both poems were bold and broke far away from everything Victorian. In Eliot's â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† he broke away from tradition with a title that has on particular inference to anything in the poem, there was no love in this poem.Modernism is all about being different and T. S Eliot did that. He also wrote with a style that forced readers to read his work several times to grasp the different meaning, with his lines like the muttering retreats, of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels. Which could be interpreted as he had a considerable amount of one- night stands or he traveled a great deal and was in a different city every night. The interpretation varies from reader to reader another characteristic of Modernism. Lastly Eliot's work do not fit any type of cookie cutter mold, Eliot focused only on † The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock†. Solely on his chaotic thinking and perception of his ife. He's not worried about what social effect his poem has on the world. This poem shows he does not care if the reader can even understand his thought process completely subjective like Modernism works should be. Wilfred Owen another author to nave works published during Modernism. Owen is known tor his war poems classifying him as a war poet. Many of his poems describe British soldiers after or during battle. Most famously known for his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Es t† which was published towards the end of the Great War.In his poem Owen paints a gruesome picture of English troops dying from poison gas. The same young men that were so anxious to fght for their country are now tired covered in blood and barely alive. At the end of the poem Owen uses Just a bit of satire after describing this horrible scene. Owen's tells us that it is sweet and right to die for your country. Owen tells readers the old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mor. But really how sweet is it to choke to death for your country. I bet most soldier would rather be shot than to die choking on a cloud of poison gas.The Great War made it possible for works like â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† to be created and become popular for the reason that it is ust like a car crash people will slow down to watch, so if a writer is describing the horrors of the battlefield people will slow down and read it. Just like the writers I described before Owen's his works our faultless examples of Modernism and how the war contributed to the development of the literary movement and the clear differences between Victorian era and Modernism. After writing this paper I know have an improved understanding of what was going on in Britain Pre war and after.I also can further see the differences between the two literary movements, the topic that were debated on plus by what means the topics were conversed about. The primary topic in literature during the Victorian Era were the remarkable differences between the social classes and the living conditions of the mast majority of citizens in Britain during this time. Most of these works were Jam-packed with humor to try to contradict the dim truth about the horrible situations many citizens had to deal with on the day to day.Spending countless hours each day working low paying Jobs in factories, orphans on the street begging for money because their parents were locked in debtors' prison. As much as authors complained of the living conditions and he need for social reform in the country, they still remained very patriotic. Nevertheless once the Great War began both the country and the literature started to change. I expected the change but I did not expect to see such a massive change in the short four-year timespan of the Great War.Even though the textbooks roughly estimates that Modernism began before the Great War on the other hand authentic Modernism did not appear until the war began. That is because most Modernism literature questioned actions that occurred during the war. Actions like use of poison gas, trench warfare, and imperialism. Modernism was also a decline in the patriotism that was apparent in Victorian literature. The Great war made writers break from caring about the entirety of the countries issues and focus only on what interests them.For Wilfred Owen it was war, Joseph Conrad focused on imperialism and questioning morality. To answer the question I posed in my introduction the Great War played apart in making the differences between Victorian era and Modernism because it gave authors a new topic to discuss and new moral to question. Pre-war authors did not have to question the acts of their countries soldiers if they were morally acceptable or not. The last question I posed – was it because of the Great war that Modernism appear or was it bound to be another literary movement with or without the war.After doing this paper I believe that it was bound to be another movement without the war i t is Just that the war gave authors the push needed speed up the movement. In the end I can say that war does affect literature.

A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World

I chose the book Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. As the title suggests, and the author, Mark Kurlansky, explores, a simple fish, more specifically, cod, has an importance that has been proven throughout history. The prologue is set in Petty Harbour, a town in Newfoundland and tells a story of three experienced fishermen, Sam, Leonard, and Bernard. They are participating in the Sentinel Fishery which was an attempt to help scientists and fishermen work together to measure the supply of cod. Their boat was to catch as many cod as they could and measure and tag them. A second boat was to catch exactly 100 cod and open them to identify their age and sex. For three men who fishing was their life hobby, you would think this would be an enjoyable job, but in actuality, it was a result of the Canadian government shutting down groundfishing in order to control fishing operations as to preserve the quantity and life of the cod. The book unfolds in three parts and each part has multiple chapters. Part One, entitled A Fish Tale, begins by describing the Vikings as the first known fishermen of cod. The Vikings ability to travel long distances and discover new places was due to their skill in air drying the cod. This form of curing fish preserved the cod and allowed them a food source that did not spoil quickly. Furthermore, the Basques, who were a mysterious group, were able to maintain their independence because they had a strong economy which was a result of adding salting to the airing process as a means to preserve the cod. This allowed them to travel long distances, monopolize on catching cod on their secret waters and in addition, were able to heavily trade cod. This section also talks about different areas arguing over access to different waters, the attempt to regulate trade and explorers claiming land. Cod was the common item that resulted in the hostility among these topics. The book goes into great detail of how North America was explored by multiple Europeans. The rise and fall of power by the French, the English and the Germans are discussed, as well as slavery, wars, trade, and taxation. All of this important history is linked to the codfish. The catching, the selling, the trading, and the monopolizing of waters all contributed to the development of the colonies, and because of this fish, the book suggests cod was the fish that changed the world. This section also covers details about the actual fish including how cod live, how they reproduce, and what they eat. Cod are not strong, nor fast and swim with their mouth open. Consequently, they can be caught without bait because they swallow anything that fits in their mouth, including jiggers and they don't put up a fight with the fisherman. They are great sources of protein, especially when dried, and there is no waste on the fish. There are ten families of cod and include over 200 species. The Atlantic cod is the most popular and produces the highest financial return as well as the greatest status amongst fishermen. Part Two, Limits, focuses on two subjects. First, it discusses the dangers of fishing for cod. It elaborates on the terrible conditions including cold temperatures, fog, currents, lack of sleep and equipment injuries. It is said that more fishermen have been lost at sea than men died in the wars. These deaths are a result of boats getting lost at sea, sinking, and men falling or being swept off the boats. These fishermen take the risk because fishing means economic survival. Secondly, this section of the book presents the conflicting theories of biologists between overfishing and the natural resource of cod being invincible. Those fearing the depletion of cod suggest it is because of better techniques (longlining and gillnetting), increasing technology (chronometer, telegraph, and freezing) and modernization of boats (engine and steam-powered and motor ships) and equipment (sonar and spotter aircraft). As a result, nations began to claim their coastal waters which started at three miles and by 1975, after three cod wars, was expanded to 200-mile limits.Part Three, The Last Hunters, outlines quotas and moratoriums implemented in the later history in order to seek the prevention of cod depletion. As a result, fishermen and fishing communities paid the price. One aspect of Canada's moratorium developed a monitoring program which brings the book full circle to the prologue where Sam and his friends were working as part of the Sentinel Fishery. From governments to fishermen and all the scientists and councils in between, everyone has their own opinion on whether or not the cod will replenish themselves to a number that will allow economic gains. The reality is that costs were greater than revenue and as a result, overfishing became a complex global problem that forced fishermen to find other jobs. As a result, fishing communities drastically changed. One of the book's arguments is that of nature being infinitely endless versus the concept of overfishing depleting the cod stock. The topic of conservation, or lack of, can be paralleled to these conflicting concepts. As outlined in this assignment, conservation is defined as the management of a resource or system to sustain its productivity over time. In this case, I will address the conservation of cod and how the supply was managed, or mismanaged, throughout history up until the time this book was first published in 1997. As the book's title simply states, cod has changed the world. More complexly, it allowed for a food source and financial stability throughout most of history. I would conclude that the majority of the 1800s, conservation wasn't considered necessary. The prominent philosopher, Thomas Henry Huxley, was on multiple fishing commissions, spoke internationally, and persuaded government bodies that it was not possible to overfish for cod. Despite what fishermen had thought, Huxley proclaimed that cod will always reproduce at a faster rate than caught. It wasn't until after his death that the British government admitted that overfishing was indeed occurring. This was in 1902 and was the first the book mentions the concern, which remained a focus throughout the 1900s and the rest of the book. It wasn't until 1949 that the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was organized to begin addressing ways to regulate the growing fishing industry. This is the first conservation was considered on a global level. Several examples of conservation unfolded throughout the next 50 years. Setting limits and waters were not always agreed upon throughout various nations, but all began to recognize the problem. The Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act in 1976 developed the 200-mile conservation zone. The goal was to eliminate foreign fishing, reduce overfishing, and allow the cod stock to replenish. The European Union Common Fishing Policy was put in place in the 1970s as well. The policy outlined very specific quotas per boat, species, area and time frame. It was in 1992, that the Canadian government established a moratorium that shut down groundfishing along the east coast. One component of the moratorium was the development of Newfoundland's Sentinel Fishery which I referenced earlier. These types of programs were implemented to monitor the cod stock. Here in the US in 1994, the National Marine Fishery Services reacted to their findings that the cod stock was rapidly declining. Further conservation measures were seen in the restricted number of days that vessels were allowed to groundfish. The original 139-day restriction was then lowered to 88 days within two years based on the fact that numbers continued to decline. Furthermore, the monitoring systems were an attempt to sustain the cod for future generations. In this particular case, I feel conservation and sustainability go hand and hand. In an attempt to sustain the cod, the controversial idea of fish farming is discussed. Fish farming is when cod are enclosed in an area and fed to fatten them up. Maybe, in theory, this seems to be a solution, but scientists suggest that farming comes with consequences. Because of how the cod are farmed, they are often unable to adapt when they are released inshore for spawning. Although conservation wasn't a concern in the first half of the book, the second half discussed limits as a means for conservation. Examples of limiting areas of fishing, limiting numbers of fish caught and limiting the number of days allowed to fish were evident but also challenged as maybe a little too late forthcoming. The second topic I would like to discuss is that of a hazard. As outlined in this assignment, a hazard is defined as an object, condition, or process that threatens individuals and society in terms of production or reproduction. I would like to suggest that the process of overfishing is a hazard that this book unfolds throughout history. Overfishing is simply when cod are caught at a faster rate than they can naturally reproduce. The author suggests that man is part of the natural world and the two can't separate themselves, and in this case, the activity of overfishing is driven by man. Cod provided a source of protein and a financial stability to many nations. As populations increased, the demand for cod increased, and consequently, the industry became competitive in nature. Because of this, fishing for the Atlantic cod became commercialized, and although nations modernized at different speeds, the goal for all was to catch more. As early as 1815, the French used the technique of longlining. Although it was expensive because of the amount of bait that was used, it was the first advancement from handlining and allowed for numerous fish to be caught at once. From there, bottom dragging became popular and although it was an effective method of catching a lot of cod at once, it was also damaging to other fish that got caught in the net. In addition to improved techniques, curing methods advanced and freezing methods were developed. Technology advancements included the chronometer and telegraph which both improved navigation, and sonors and spotter aircraft aided in spotting cod schools. Fishing boats advanced from oars and sails to steam-powered to motorships. All of these advancements aided in the overfishing and consequently became a hazard. Scientists argue that you can't predict nature and there is no way to tell if and when, as well as, how long it will take to replenish the cod stock. For this reason, I suggest overfishing to be a hazard. The depletion of cod has ramifications on today's society. Fishing communities have suffered as fishermen have been displaced and forced to find other work, and the economy of these towns do not have the same stability as they once did. In addition, cod was a nutritional food source and my guess is that is will become an expensive delicacy. Cod was a constant thread throughout history, and its importance is indisputable. This book provided me with knowledge of the species, as well as how this simple fish connected nations across the northwest region. Conservation attempts were outlined after the concept of overfishing was identified as a concern. The hazard of man overfishing was proven as history unfolded and technological advancements developed. In addition to all the great detail this book provided about cod, the fish that changed the world, the tales, recipes, and pictures brought life to the subject.

Principles of Marketing Nike Inc - 9497 Words

Principles of MarketingNike, Inc11/25/2010 | Prepared by: * Menino Pereira * Karthik Gowda * Shreyans Sethi Prepared by: * Menino Pereira * Karthik Gowda * Shreyans Sethi * Nike’s mission statement is all about combining the love for sports with a mutinous and headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) * Nike’s mission statement is all about combining the love for sports with a mutinous and headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) Principles of Marketing Principles of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 The Story So Far 3 MARKETING ORIENTATION 3†¦show more content†¦By the early 90’s, Nike was ranked as one of the best advertisers in the world, soulfully striking one’s emotional chords rather than the rationale ones (McDonough and Braungart 2002). MARKETING ORIENTATION In the earlier days, Nike was known to be a product oriented organization. The motto was to just plainly and simply just sell shoes .Gradually that changed as a function of time with the focus shifting to a more customer oriented approach. Prime importance was given to the consumer by endlessly striving to develop new and high quality products catering to their specific needs whilst endearing them with the feel good factor(Armstrong ,Harker ,Kotler and Brennan 2009:41) Question is can an organisation only survive and continue to grow in the market by just being customer oriented? Well it is imperative to be customer oriented because if any organisation fails to value the importance of the customers and wants to trade on its own terms then in this competitive world, such an organisation will cease to exist. The only exception to this is that when an organisation works in a monopoly market which does not exist these days. Organisations have the onus of keeping the stakeholders happy. Stakeholders are those groups without whose support the organization would be a meltdown. They generally comprise of investors, creditors, suppliers, community and consumers. Barring theShow MoreRelatedNike and the Concept of Integrated Marketing Communications894 Words   |  4 PagesNike and the Concept of IMC: The concept of Integrated Marketing Communications is an important factor whose essence is achievement of the need for a holistic approach in the implementation of the tools of marketing communication. The concept can be described as the coordination and integration of every marketing communication tool, source, function, and avenue within an organization into a flawless program that capitalizes the effect of customers and other users at minimal costs. The significanceRead MoreHow Globalization And Technology Changes Have Impacted The Corporation You Researched1233 Words   |  5 Pageschanges have impacted the corporation you researched. 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