Understanding the Present Perfect Tense in German

As you study the German language, you will come across the present perfect tense (Perfeckt), which is also called the compound past tense. Its used most often in conversation and there are a few rules you need to know in order to form and use it. This lesson will review those rules and is an important part of understanding German verb conjugations. Perfekt: The Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense is formed by using one of three types of past participles: weak (regular), strong (irregular), and mixed. This past tense form is often referred to as the conversational past since it is most often used in spoken German when speaking about events in the past. In English, we say, We saw him yesterday. This can be expressed in German as, Wir sahen ihn gestern. (simple past,  Imperfekt) or Wir haben ihn gestern gesehen. (present perfect,  Perfekt). The latter form is also referred to as a compound tense because it is formed by combining a helping verb (haben) with the past participle (gesehen). Even though the literal translation of Wir haben ihn gestern gesehen, is We have seen him yesterday, it would normally be expressed in English simply as, We saw him yesterday. Study these example  German verbs  with their  past participle  forms in the  present perfect tense: to have haben hat gehabt to go gehen ist gegangen to buy kaufen hat gekauft to bring bringen hat gebracht You should notice several things about the verbs above: Some have past participles that end in  -t, while others end in  -en.Some use  haben  (to have) as a helping verb, while others use  sein  (to be). Keep this in mind as we  continue  our review of the German present perfect. Weak Verbs Regular (or weak) verbs are predictable and can be pushed around. Their past participles always end in -t  and are basically the third person singular with  ge- in front of it:   to play spielen gespielt to make machen gemacht to say, tell sagen gesagt The so-called -ieren  verbs (fotografieren,  reparieren,  studieren,  probieren, etc.) do not add  ge- to their past participles:  hat fotografiert. Strong Verbs Irregular (or strong) verbs are unpredictable and cannot be pushed around. They tell you what theyre going to do. Their past participles end in -en  and must be memorized:   to go gehen gegangen to speak, talk sprechen gesprochen Although there are various patterns that their past participles follow (and they sometimes resemble similar patterns in English) it is best to simply memorize past participles such as gegessen, gesungen, geschrieben, or gefahren. It should also be noted that there are more rules for verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes, though we wont get into that here.   Mixed Verbs This third category is also rather unpredictable. As with the other irregular verbs, the participles for mixed verbs need to be memorized. As their name implies, these mixed verbs mix elements of the weak and strong verbs to form their past participles. While they end in -t  like weak verbs, they have a stem change like strong verbs: to bring bringen gebracht to know kennen gekannt to know wissen gewut When to Use  Sein  as Helping Verb In English, the present perfect is always formed with the helping verb have,  but in German  some verbs require to be (sein) instead. There is a rule for this condition:   Verbs that are intransitive (take no direct object) and involve a change of condition or location use  sein  as a helping verb, rather than the more common  haben. Among the  few exceptions to this rule  are  sein  itself and  bleiben, both of which take  sein  as their helping verb. This rule applies to only a small number of verbs and it is best to simply memorize those that typically use  sein  as a helping verb. One thing that will help is to remember them is that most of these are intransitive verbs which refer to motion. bleiben  (to stay)fahren  (to  drive, travel)fallen  (to  fall)gehen  (to  go)kommen  (to  come)laufen  (to  run)reisen  (to  travel)sein  (to  be)steigen  (to  climb)sterben  (to  die)wachsen  (to  grow)werden  (to  become) Example Er ist schnell gelaufen. means He ran fast.

Marketing plan description Free Essays

What major demographic developments and trends pose opportunities or threats to firms doing business in this product category? Cutter Automotive can expect the following demographic changes to affect them (Ferron J) Reduction in number of customers who buy on impulse The customer base is decreasingly responsive to novelty , change and variety The customer of the present generation is looking for quality , durability and appropriateness There is an increased trade off between time and convenience to get a good buy. The customer base is looking for the best bargain and is not loyal like the earlier generations There is noticed increased loyalty to brands but not over all the products of that brand. The generation of today is spending more time and money at home There is noticed an increased focus on purchases with the future in mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing plan description or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customer is also information savvy and can be expected to know the in and out of the products and offers. The above list of changes can be an opportunity or a threat to the firm depending on the decisions that it implements. The firm can tailor its future business plan to take into account the changing mindset of the customer and make the shift in demographics an opportunity not a threat. The customer of the future is looking for the best bargain and is working more often than not on a budget.    The families of tomorrow are also 2 or more car families and if the dealership can convert sale into loyalty, the benefits could accrue in the form of future business. Due to the advent of the information age, the dealer can no longer rely on smooth talking sales personnel but on delivery of facts and offers. The dealership also needs to keep in mind the increase in online booking especially since the cars are mass made. What broad cultural or sub cultural patterns affect the public’s attitude towards the firms and/or products of the firms doing business in this product category? There exists a general perception amongst the public that car dealerships can be equated to words like â€Å"fleecing†. There also exists a perception like the dealership sells old cars made to look like new, over charges for accessories, the discounts advertised are not really discounts; customer is leeched if not careful. In a study conducted by HarrisInteractive for a project entitled Automotive Retailing today in 2004 , it was found that negative perceptions about what it is like to buy a car from a dealership is very different from actual experiences . These are sentiments handed down from generation to generation or person to person. A sample few may have had a bad experience or the dealership attitude may have been in the projected negative mould, and this has established itself as the image associated with a car dealership. This perhaps stems from the time when manufacturers were few , the car dealer was the all knowing and important person in control of sales , there was a monopoly of sorts and the product was an expensive investment. This situation may have given rise to the advice â€Å" Be careful while buying a car from the dealership , they will try to fleece you†. The study also found that people did not trust car dealerships in general but trusted â€Å"their† dealership, people held the perception that buying a car from the dealer is always a bad experience but personally never had one , women are not treated as well as men in an auto dealership. Cited Ferron ,   J., an How to cite Marketing plan description, Essays

Drugs and their effect on the human cognitive psyche Essay Example For Students

Drugs and their effect on the human cognitive psyche Essay In this literature review paper, I would like to review the correlation between chronic drug abuse in adolescence and the decrease in cognitive functioning in adolescence through early adulthood. I have found several articles that examine and formulate thoughts and opinions through studies and an analysis of prior research studies and research journals. While using the research studies and journals that I have found, I would like to target and examine the direction of the correlation between drug abuse in adolescence and the decrease in cognitive functioning throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Are adolescents who have suffered from drug abuse at risk for complications in their cognitive abilities, or do they somehow end up on an equal level with those who haven?t suffered from a drug addiction? If either of these statements is true, I want try and understand why through logical means. I will summarize the perspective and the outcome of recent studies and evaluate the importance of their findings. I will also review several techniques for combating adolescent drug abuse and how to alleviate some of the pressure from adolescents who are currently abusing drugs. There are many popular drugs amongst the community of adolescents of today. One of these popular drugs that have a large impact on cognitive brain functioning is Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (?Ecstacy?) or MDMA as its abbreviated name (Johnston et al., 2009). MDMA is a drug that is used to reduce the brain serotonin (5-HT) axonal markers. This reduction of these 5-HT axonal markers causes a loss of inhibition 3in many users and also causes a euphoric feeling that causes the user to feel often times ?fully orgasmic? to the touch and in tune with the ?levels of the world? (Mechan et al. , 2006; Green et al., 2003). MDMA has been a popular drug that has been on a rise for the past 20-30 years. Ever since its birth it has spread through the party and nightlife community like wildfire. It has only become accessible and sought after by adolescents in the past 10 years. The rise in the allure of MDMA can be attributed to its distribution methods (Johnston et al., 2009). In Una D. McCann et al. study, ?Sleep Deprivation Differently Impairs Cognitive Performance in Abstinent Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (?Ecstacy?) Users,? it is expressed that, ? MDMA users have been found to have subtle cognitive deficits (2009). This group of researchers sought to test a hypothesis that sleep disturbance plays a role in cognitive deficits in MDMA and abstinent MDMA users. The study used nineteen abstinent MDMA users and 21 control subjects too participate in a five-day inpatient study in a clinical research laboratory. Cognitive performance was tested three times daily using a computerized cognitive battery. On the third day of admission, subjects were asked to begin a 40 hour sleep deprivation period and continued cognitive testing as usual consisting of the same daily schedule. These tests found that MDMA users performed less accurately than controls on a task of working memory and more impulsively on four of the seven computerized tests. During the phase of sleep deprivation, MDMA users, but not the controls, became increasingly impulsive, performing more rapidly with a greater number of mistakes towards the tasks of working and short-term memory. This particular research study?s findings were the first to 4demonstrate that memory problems in MDMA users and abstinent MDMA users may be related and suggest that cognitive deficits in MDMA users may become more prominent in situations associated with an increase in sleep deprivation (McCann et al. , 2009). This research study showed the correlation between drug usage (MDMA), sleep deprivation, and cognitive functioning (memory). Another drug that has a correlational effect with cognitive functions is Methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant, with epidemic increases in use of this drug recorded globally (Meredith et al. .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .postImageUrl , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:visited , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:active { border:0!important; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:active , .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3 .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1a7920d5f4537b723faa796640f147d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts Integration Essay, 2005). Numerous studies have shown that methamphetamine disrupts neurotransmitter and other brain functions; in particular the ?dopaminergic system, although changes in serotonergic, noradrenergic, and gluta- matergic function are also observed? (Meredith et al., 2005). Methamphetamine is known by many street names including: meth, ice, frost, and crystal meth. Methamphetamine is thought of as one of the worst drugs in all of human history for the effects it has had on society as a whole. Many regard crystal meth to be the reason we live in the corrupt world we live in today (Henry et al., 2008).In Julie D. Henry et al. study, ?Prospective Memory Impairment in Former Users of Methamphetamine,? it is discussed the effects that methamphetamine have on human cognitive function. The cognitive function that is addressed in this research study is memory. The premise of the study is based around the idea that considerable prior research indicates that methamphetamine use is associated with neuro-cognitive impairment, but no empirical study to date has assessed whether these difficulties extend prospective memory. The study reviewed prospective performance on a laboratory 5measure of prospective memory that closely represents the types of prospective memory tasks that actually occur in life and provides an opportunity to study the different sorts of prospective memory mistakes that occur. The study consisted of twenty adults with a history of methamphetamine use and dependence, currently engaged in rehabilitation and abstinent for an average period of 6 months, and 20 individuals who were unknown to the effects or the experience of methamphetamine. Various other aspects of cognitive function were also assessed, including retrospective memory and executive functioning. Methamphetamine users were significantly impaired during the time the test was administered, and these deficits did not vary as a member of specific prospective memory task demands. Of all the cognitive functions being tested, cognitive inhibition shared greatest variance with group effects on the prospective memory measure. This study concludes that prospective memory performance correlates with previous methamphetamine use even well into abstinence. Methamphetamine users experience generalized difficulties with prospective memory, suggesting that these deficits are likely to have important implications for day-to-day functioning. The results indicated that methamphetamine users were significantly impaired on measures of retrospective memory and executive. This study showed a positive correlation between methamphetamine use/addiction and a decrease in general cognitive functioning, more specifically memory and any activities that require the memory as a basis of use (Henry et al., 2008).

Consumer Behaviour a Purchase Decision Process

Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place

Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place Introduction Employment relationship is a legal framework linking employers and their employees to ensure a sustained interaction in their organizations. More specifically, ER is an economic, social and political relationship between employers and employees which provides manual and mental labor in exchange for the rewards allotted by employers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the rise of modernism, there has been need for inclusion of psychological element in the employment relationships to enhance better and more coherent relationship between employees and employers. It should be noted that, employment relations defines the rights and commitments made between the employers and employees. Employers in various organizations build good relationship with their employees by creating favorable working conditions, capable of creatin g psychological satisfaction for them (Ackers 2002: 15). Through cordial relationship between employers and employees, facilitated a well structured legal system, high productivity in the organization is expected since the employees are highly motivated. Traditionally, psychological contract were relied to establish cordial relationship between employers and their employees. Psychological contracts involves the understanding the understanding the people have regarding the commitments made between the employers and the employees which is initially established during the recruitment process where the employees and the employer discuss deeply their eventual relationship. This paper will discuss the extent in which traditional theories of employment helps us in understanding the modern Australian workplace. According to the contract of employment common law, employers have the obligatory duty to care the employees, pay wages, provide work, provide support, safe working environment and m aintain relationship of trust and confidence with the employees. As revealed by Kaufman (2008: 327), in the Modern Australian work place employers are actively engaged in providing their employees with favorable working terms regardless of the genders. It should be noted that, traditional employment patterns were characterized by lack of equity on jobs distribution between the genders. More specifically, women were given less job opportunities than men.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, the current Australian job environment has seen more chances being granted to women in the job markets as a result of the establishment of employment laws inhibiting discrimination on the basis of gender. As revealed by Bell Head (1994: 17), the core elements of employment relationships in Australia today are exchange, effort bargain, inequality and commodification. Throu gh commodification, employees are usually used as means to an end, other than an end itself. Generally, the above are the main elements involved in employment relationships. With regard to some traditional employment theories like the Marxist theory, employers and employees are brought out as having constant conflicts in terms of work conditions. Since employers are usually idle and do very little in their organizations, Marx describes this situation as creating low esteem and morale among the employees. With employee given huge amounts of work and being paid fewer wages than the employer would get, conflict between the employers and employees seem to persist. However, the current situation in the Australian modern workplace is dominated by legal regulations governing employers and their employees in terms of the obligatory duties entrusted to each other in the employment contract. Generally, the Marxist theory seems to be against capitalism by bringing it out as the major cause of fundamental problems between employees and employers, since employees are not psychologically satisfied when their employers who work the least and gain the most (Cooper 2010: 264). As Cooper and Ellem (2008: 539) suggests, the adoption Unitarianism in traditional organizations is a prospective strategy meant to enhance cohesion between employees and their employer. According to unitary theory, organizations are considered as families where the employers and the employees are considered as being in harmony due to their favorable psychological contracts. In this case, loyalty between employees and the employers forms the main emphasis in this employer-employee relationship (Todd 2010: 312). With the society becoming quite dynamic, the contemporary Australian workplace remains no more under psychological contracts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations in Modern Australian Work Place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the establishment of employment relations in the contemporary society, employees can form unions capable of advocating for their rights. Particularly, employers in the contemporary society have no direct control of their employees, provided employment contract with their employees has been established. Considering the Employment Standards Act of 2001, employees are directly under the cover of the employer and the workers unions. This is to mean that, it is an obligatory duty of the organizational management to ensure the treatment of the employees with high respect in order to facilitate their efficiency in their work. Understanding the importance of a well motivated workforce has been an eminent issue in many organizations. Through unions, employees’ rights are communicated and procession of cases presented by employees. As Hearn-Mackinnon (2009: 358) reports National Labor Relations Association enhances collective bargaining power for all the employees bo th in the public and the private sector over their safety in their work places/areas. More specifically, unfair labor practices in the company should be the basis for the allegation in the court against its security of employees in its environs (Cooper et al 2009: 352). As depicted in the collective bargaining laws, the company falls guilty of having its working environment unsafe for its employees; through engaging single workers in isolated places without enough security lights According to Peetz Pocock (2009: 47), some of the highest priority Employee Relations areas in the currently globalized society are bargaining power in employee wages, safety in work, working hours and moral ethics. It is important to note that, an employee should be secure in his place of work by being exposed to secure work practices. More so, the employees should be paid well in accordance to their level of performance in the company. Further, the proximity of working duration among employees should be reviewed and be incorporated in the employee unions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the level of ethical considerations between the employees and the management should be reviewed and maintained as well. On this basis, the work place life has been found to be more liable to extrinsic factors, but not restricted to internal management practices by the HRM. As noted by Brigden (2009: 371), the contemporary Australian workplace seems to be guided by pluralistic theory. According to pluralistic theory, employees engage in formation of welfares and unions to form a bigger bargaining power in their organizations. As depicted by Chen et al (2008, 534), unity among employees reduces the chances of being oppressed by their employers, since they have a more unified system of actions. In this case, the psychological contract between employers and their employees should incorporate the employees’ freedom to form unions and other associations. Through formation of employee unions and welfare associations, employees get highly motivated (Brigden 2010: 329). T his makes them to become more efficient in production, which makes the organization to acquire competitive advantage in the currently competitive business environment. Mainly, the modern employee relationship seeks to establish democratic and informal relationship between employers and employees sustainably. As a result, a long-term cordial relationship between the employees and employers would be established, since the working environment is naturally friendly. It is important to note that, the modern Australian work place has largely employed radical pluralism. According to radical pluralism theory, management in organizations is considered as being irreconcilable with their employees in cases of differences. This is due to the tendency of the organizations to incorporate narrow range of employee demands. As revealed by Bingham (2007: 224), the possibility of employees to reconcile with their employee when employee needs are rarely fulfilled is quite low. As a result, performance in such organizations remains low, since the psychological contract between the employers and the employees has been violated, leading to low motivation among the employees. According to Blyton Turnbull (2004: 74) social organizations in the modern work places are portraying high social values to their fraternity so as to enhance co-existence which would in turn result into improvement of the performance of their workforce. In fact, Boxall Purcell (2011: 53) links an organization’s level of performance to the welfare of its employees; who are the ultimate determinants of the performance such an organization. Certainly, ethical considerations between employers and their employees is a very important consideration in their interaction within an organization. It should be noted that, when employees are treated with humanitarianism would feel that they are respected and be motivated in carrying out their various activities. In fact, the employees’ ability to develop posi tive attitude towards work would be attributed by their being accorded with high esteem by their employers. The current new management strategies in the modern organizations have seen significant changes in the organizational structures of various organizations. Merging, acquisition and restructuring have been dominant practices among various organizations in their pursuit to establish favorable work-life for their employees. In this case, various psychological contracts are established between the employees and their employers. As reported by Coyle-Shapiro (2005: 87), there are two main psychological contracts which include transactional and relational contracts. In transactional psychological contracts, short-run work relationships between employers and employees are established by having a certain set of obligations to be met. Notably, Peetz Pocock (2009: 49) considers transactional psychological contracts as being economically oriented as they are reasonably specific. This is d ue to their short-term nature as the employers seek to determine the reliability of their employees in terms of work commitment. With the introduction of strategic human resources management, it has been possible for organizations to conform to the industrial relations requirements. In Australia, the introduction of scientific management practices among organizations, consistency and coherence in designing and implementing strategic human resources management has been realized. Contingency framework of employee-employer relationships have been largely understood, making organizations comply with the requirements of the legislation and labor force acts for successful implementation of their strategic plans. As evidenced by Cooper and Ellem (2008: 541), the rationale of using cost-efficiency and the market requirements has been the ultimate strategy of realizing quality production as a result of a highly motivated employee body. The most critical perspective of the employee-employer r elationship is taken on the basis of how the external environment, including unions and associations, are impacting management practices by HRM, where employment contracts are largely employed. Breaching of these psychological contracts has been revealed to have large effect the overall organizational coherence between employees and the employer. Suppose the employer fails to subdue the agreement made in the employment terms, by either delaying payments or applying more strict work terms than agreed, employees are highly discouraged. By failing to conform to the expected behavior, employers usually cause lot interference in terms of trust to their employees. Such an act would be described as breaching of psychological contract since the employer would have failed to sustain the psychological requirements agreed during the time of employment. Brigden (2009: 375) considers the development of conflict between employers and employees as arousing from breaching of psychological contracts , but not necessarily on the basis of formal obligations. Conclusion With the rise of modernism, the Australian workforce has largely changed, where employers and employees are ultimately under legal formalities more than the psychological contracts previously employed in traditional organizations. As it has been revealed, equality in jobs allocation in terms of gender has been employed in the Australian Labor Laws, resulting into high control of employment terms by the legal formalities. Generally, the establishment of employment contract between the employers and employees is largely safeguarded by the existing employment relations laws. References List Ackers, P. (2002) Reframing Employment Relations: The Case for Neo-Pluralism.  Industrial Relations Journal, 33(1): 2-19. Bell, S. Head, B. (1994) ‘Australia’s Political Economy: Critical Themes and Issues.’ in B. Head S. Bell (eds), State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Mel bourne, pp. 1-21. Bingham, C. (2007). â€Å"Employee Relations and Managing the Employment Relationship,† In Porter, C. et al. (eds.), Exploring Human Resource Management. London: McGraw-Hill. 215-238 Brigden, C. (2009) Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2008. Journal of Industrial  Relations, 51(3): 365–78. Brigden, C. (2010) Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2009. Journal of Industrial  Relations, 52(3): 321-334. Blyton, P. Turnbull, P. (2004) The Dynamics of Employee Relations, 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 57-107. Boxall, P. Purcell, J. (2011), Strategy and Human Resource Management, 3rd ed. London: Basingstoke Publishers. 34-58 Cooper, R. (2010) The New Industrial Relations and International Economic Crisis: Australia in 2009. Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(2):261-274 Cooper, R. et al. (2009) Anti-unionism, Employer Strategy, and the Australian State, 1996–2005. Labor Studies Journal (US), vol.34:3, pp. 339-62. Cooper, R. and Elle m, B. (2008). The Neoliberal State, Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining in Australia. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(3) pp. 532–554 Coyle-Shapiro, J. (2005) The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and  Contextual Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 85-93 Kaufman, B. (2008) Paradigms in Industrial Relations: Original, Modern and Versions In-Between. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2):314–339. Todd, P. (2010) Employer and Employer Association Matters in 2009. The Journal of  Industrial Relations 52(3): 305-319. Hearn-Mackinnon, B. (2009) Employer matters in 2008. Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(3): 347-363. Peetz, D. Pocock, B. (2009) Workplace representatives and local power in Australia?  British Journal of Industrial Relations, 47.

Sports Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Economic - Essay Example Therefore, Commission of AFL established a research board in 1999, in order to establish a body for administering the selection of priorities concerning research and allocation of resources (Booth, 2006). Projects began in 2000 contributing to Australian football becoming a strange paradox due to the game played exclusively in one continent and has transcended cultural barriers and ethnic divides through integration of communities (Australian Football League (AFL), 2012). In fact, the paper will focus on exploring issues related to Australian Football League (AFL). League behavior The players in AFL are expected to behave like sportsmen, whereby upholding their standards of professional conduct and avoid compromising the integrity and dignity of AFL football, clubs, AFLPA and players. In addition, during matches and training sessions the player are also expected to behave in the similar manner, which is in accordance to the Clause 2.1 of the Code (Borland & McDonald, 2004). However, in situations where there are findings by the AFL Tribunal related to misconduct against a player, they are parties involved are dealt with in accordance with the AFL rules. AFL policies One of the most commonly known policies is AFL Anti-Doping Code, which is varied according to the law 21.2 that apply to the payers participating in these games, in a situation where the Controlling Body has not adopted their own code or policy. Nevertheless, the policy that has been adopted by any Controlling Body has to be approved by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) (AFL, 2012). Moreover, the Controlling Body has no obligation to perform testing of players unless directed by AFL, and they should not appoint third parties to undertake these testing procedures. The other policy stipulates that a player, who has been directed to leave the playing surface, should only be replaced by a player whose name is on Team Sheet. The other policy states that a replacement player should enter the playing surface at the same time when the player is leaving the playing surface, and if the replacement player fails to enter the playing surface before the other player has left, the Umpire should restart play. The other policy indicates that player are not allowed to wear any form of jewelers, boot studs, cletes or any protective equipment that is not approved by the Controlling Body. However, there are situations where the field Umpire is convinced that the item does not subject players in any form of risk related to injury. AFL Winning Percentage Team Win% Year Collingwood 100 1929 Geelong 95.45 2008 Essendon 95.45 2000 Carlton 94.44 1908 Essendon 94.44 1950 South Melbourne 92.86 1918 Collingwood 90.91 2011 St Kilda 90.91 2009 Carlton 90.91 1995 Melbourne 88.89 1956 Competitive Imbalance Remedies The measurement of competitive balance relates to two aspects, which include; within-season competition balance that are associated with relative quality of teams in a season, and between-season competitive balance that are aimed at relative quality of teams over a number of seasons (Booth, 2000). One remedy for competitive imbalance is the merits of various measures that canvassed prior to settling on two basic measures, which include; distributions of season win percentage within-season competitive balance and distribution of premierships that are a measurement between season competitive

The Mobile Operating System Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Mobile Operating System - Dissertation Example Mobile phones today are used for personal and professional purposes. Preferred services apart from basic voice operations include massive data elements like messages (Short Message Service and Multimedia Messaging Service being the primary of them), live content (real-time content like sports updates, stock prices etc. Other applications include streaming media content, including audio, video, and media feeds. All these are resource intensive and successful operation, to the satisfaction of the user and optimal use of the mobile networks depends largely on the protocols controlling data management and negotiation with the network, that is an integral part of the mobile’s operating system. Â  A mobile phone’s operating system controls the data flow in and out of it. Features like Call Hold, On-Call functions and elements like the speed of access to phone book and records and messages and all other features that involve selection of signals and/ or their records, received or sent is controlled by the operating system. The ultimate outcomes of features like predictive or intelligent text for test and multimedia messaging depend on effective resource management of the mobile’s operating system. The variety of features is, in fact, dependent on the operating system running the phone. The operating system also decided the protocols the phone runs on, including the band(s) it operates on and supports for 2.5G or 3G technologies. Â  I would take up the latest versions of the preferred operating systems on today’s mobile phones. Other operating systems that may be available including phones that use a lower version of the upgraded ones as on date and less used operating systems have not been included as either they have already been improved upon or their use will be phased out, thus rendering their analysis insignificant in the quest for a better operating system. Â